Joe Hill Biography Martyr of the Labor Movement

Joe Hill, an immigrant laborer and songwriter for the Industrial Workers of the World, was put on trial for murder in Utah in 1915. His case became nationally famous as many believed his trial to be unjust and his conviction and execution by firing squad made him into a martyr for the labor movement. Born in Sweden as Joel Emmanuel Hagglund, he took the name Joseph Hillstrom when he emigrated to America in 1902. He lived in obscurity as a traveling laborer until he became known in labor circles for writing songs. But his real fame came after his death. Some of the songs he wrote were sung at union rallies for decades, but a ballad written about him in the 1930s by Alfred Hayes ensured his place in popular culture. Fast Facts: Joe Hill Full Name: Born Joel Emmanuel Hagglund, but he changed his name to Joseph Hillstrom when he migrated to America, later abbreviating it as Joe Hill.Born: October 7, 1879, in Gavle, Sweden.Died: November 19, 1915, Salt Lake City, Utah, executed by firing squad.Significance: Writer of songs for the Industrial Workers of the World, was convicted in a trial thought to be rigged, died as a martyr for the labor movement. That ballad, Joe Hill, was recorded by Pete Seeger, and in recent years has been sung by Bruce Springsteen. Perhaps the most famous rendition of it was by Joan Baez at the legendary Woodstock festival in the summer of 1969. Her performance appeared in the film of the festival and the accompanying soundtrack album, and made Joe Hill a symbol of eternal radical activism at the height of the protests against the Vietnam War. Early Life Born in Sweden in 1879, Joe Hill was the son of a railroad worker who encouraged his family to play music. Young Joe learned to play the violin. When his father died of work-related injuries, Joe had to leave school and begin working in a rope factory. As a teenager, a bout of tuberculosis led him to seek treatment in Stockholm, where he recovered. When his mother died, Joe and a brother decided to sell the family home and emigrate to America. He landed in New York City but did not stay there long. He seemed to move constantly, taking a variety of jobs. He was in San Francisco at the time of the 1906 earthquake, and by 1910 had taken work on the docks of San Pedro, in southern California. Organizing and Writing Going by the name Joseph Hillstrom, he became involved with the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The union, known widely as The Wobblies, was viewed as a radical faction by the public and the mainstream labor movement. Yet it had a devoted following, and Hillstrom, who began calling himself Joe Hill, became an ardent organizer for the union. He also began spreading pro-labor messages by writing songs. In the folk song tradition, Hill used standard melodies, or even parodies of popular songs, to combine with his lyrics. One of his most popular compositions, Casey Jones, The Union Scab was a parody of a popular song about a heroic railroad engineer who met a tragic end. The IWW included some of Hills songs in the Little Red Song Book, which the union began publishing in 1909. Within a few years more than 10 of Hills songs appeared in various editions of the book. Within union circles he became well known. Joe Hill. Getty Images   Trial and Execution On January 10, 1914, a former policeman, John Morrison, was attacked in his grocery store in Salt Lake City, Utah. In an apparent robbery, Morrison and his son were shot and killed. Later the same night, Joe Hill, nursing a bullet wound to his chest, presented himself at a local doctor. He claimed he had been shot in a quarrel over a woman and refused to say who had shot him. It was known that Morrison had shot one of his killers, and suspicion fell upon Hill. Three days after Morrisons murder, Joe Hill was arrested and charged. Within months his case had become a cause for the IWW, which claimed he was being framed because of his union activities. There had been Wobbly strikes against mines in Utah, and the idea that Hill was being railroaded to intimidate the union was plausible. Joe Hill went on trial in June 1914. The state presented circumstantial evidence, which many denounced as fraudulent. He was convicted, and was sentenced to death on July 8, 1914. Given a choice of hanging or a firing squad, Hill chose the firing squad. Over the following year, Hills case slowly developed into a national controversy. Rallies were held around the nation demanding that his life be spared. He was visited by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a notable Wobbly organizer (about whom Hill wrote the ballad Rebel Girl). Flynn tried to meet President Woodrow Wilson to argue Hills case, but was rebuffed. Wilson did, however, eventually write to the governor of Utah, urging clemency for Hill. The president, with World War I raging in Europe, seemed concerned that Hill was a Swedish citizen, and wished to avoid his execution becoming an international incident. After months of legal motions and pleas for mercy came to an end, Hill was executed by firing squad on the morning of November 19, 1915. Legacy Hills body was given a funeral in Utah. His coffin was then taken to Chicago, where a service was conducted by the IWW in a large hall. Hills coffin was draped in a red flag, and newspaper reports noted bitterly that many of the mourners seemed to be immigrants. Union orators denounced the Utah authorities, and performers sang some of Hills union songs. After the service, Hills body was taken to be cremated. In a will he had written he asked that his ashes be scattered. His wish was granted as his ashes were mailed to union offices across the United States and overseas, including to his native Sweden. Sources: Hill, Joe 1879-1915. American Decades, edited by Judith S. Baughman, et al., vol. 2: 1910-1919, Gale, 2001. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Thompson, Bruce E.R. Hill, Joe (1879–1914). The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment, edited by Mary Jo Poole, Greenhaven Press, 2006, pp. 136-137. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Joe Hill. Encyclopedia of World Biography, vol. 37, Gale, 2017.Hill, Joe. The Preacher and the Slave. World War I and the Jazz Age, Primary Source Media, 1999. American Journey.

The Federal Funding Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research

The subject in this article is about the federal funding of embryonic stem-cell research. The argument is about Research on human embryonic stem cells and the development of therapies for chronic and debilitating diseases. The question is should the federal government of the United States provide funding for the stem cell research? The thesis of the argument is â€Å"others worry that even if research on embryos is not wrong in itself, it will open the way to a slippery slope of dehumanizing practices, such as embryo farms, cloned babies, the use of fetuses for spare parts, and the commoditization of human life.† Michael J. Sandel, D.Phil. is the writer of this article. Michael J. Sandel teaches political philosophy at Harvard University. His writings—on justice, ethics, democracy, and markets--have been translated into 27 languages. His course â€Å"Justice† is the first Harvard course to be made freely available online and on television. It has been viewed by tens of millions of people around the world, including in China, where Sandel was named the â€Å"most influential foreign figure of the year.† The reason to believe in this argument is this point of view can be divided into two: considering embryos worthy of protection simply because they are human or considering them as potential persons. Philosophers differ on this question. Whereas many philosophers, particularly utilitarian’s, do not consider a fertilized human egg before implantation to satisfy the criteria of personhood,Show MoreRelatedMorality And Money : Stem Cell Research990 Words   |  4 PagesMoney: Stem Cell Research In 2001, with 22 human embryonic stem cell lines established, President George W. Bush signed legislation which prevented new, additional stem cell lines from being created and tightened restrictions on federal stem cell research funding. This legislation effectively constrained human embryonic stem cell research until 2009, when President Barack Obama reversed Bush’s legislation and relaxed the funding criteria. There are now 195 human embryonic stem cell linesRead MoreFederal Funds Should Be Used for Embryonic Stem Cell Research1401 Words   |  6 Pages Are embryonic stem cells the cure to many of the human body’s ailments, including defective organs and crippling diseases, or is their use a blatant disregard of human rights and the value of life?   Thanks to the rapid advancements in this field, the potential benefits of stem cells are slowly becoming reality.   However, embryonic stem cell research is an extremely divisive topic in the United States thanks to the ethical issues surrounding terminating embryos to harvest the stem cells.   In responseRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1212 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Jason Bernard BIOL-10000 July 26, 2015 Introduction In this essay, I hope to analyze both sides of the debate, and also learn more about the topic and share that information. Prior to researching this topic, I feel that any research that can help prevent or cure diseases, than the research should receive full funding and support. What Are Stem Cells? Stem cells were first discovered in the 1960s by Dr. James Till and Dr. Ernest McCulloch, professors at the University of TorontoRead MoreCell Research : Stem Cell Therapy1095 Words   |  5 Pagestime I heard about stem cell research, but I remember when it first stood out to me was when quarterback Peyton Manning went over to Europe to get stem cell therapy done on his neck to prevent him from getting surgery done. Stem cells offer much hope for medical advancement because of their ability to grow into almost any kind of cell. Stem cells are crucial to develop organisms. They are non-specialized cells which have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the bodyRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1652 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic stem cell research could one day hold the key to many new scientific discoveries if it is continuously funded in the years to come. I chose to base my research around the question, Should embryonic stem cell research be government funded? When I finish highschool I hope to pursue a career in the medical field. Although I wish to become a doctor and may not be directly researching stem cells, they may one day be a treatment that I will have to administer to patients. To answer this questionRead MoreThe Embryonic Stem Cell Conflict Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagescriticisms directed towards the advent of stem cell resear ch have centered on the source of the most scientifically useful types of stem cells—pre-implantation human embryos. Unfortunately, harvesting embryonic stem cells typically results in the destruction of the embryo from which they are harvested, which gives rise to a moral dilemma: is it ethically acceptable to destroy an embryo’s potential to life? Those who are against human embryonic stem cell research will answer you with an emphatic â€Å"no†;Read MoreStem Cell Research: The Debate Over Federal Funding Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research: Pro-Federal Funding The Alliance for Aging Research is a non-profit organization that promotes the use of federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. As an agency geared toward improving the health of human beings as they age, some of their responsibilities include lobbying for federal legislation, conducting studies and surveys, and creating and distributing educational materials to health care professionals and the public. With Baby Boomers closely reachingRead MoreOpposing Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesOpposing Embryonic Stem Cell Research Stem cell research has a lot to offer in the way of treatments, or even cures to some devastating diseases that humans face. However, research using human embryonic stem cells that can only be obtained by killing a human embryo can not be condoned or paid for by the United States Government. Federal funding needs to focus on the adult stem cell research that has already been proven successful and can be obtained without destroying a human life. EthicsRead MoreResearch On Stem Cell Research Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pages Stem Cell Research James A Merritt PIMA Medical institute Embryonic stem cell research is a controversial topic. In the religious aspect its man trying to play the authority of GOD on whether people should live, die or suffer from ailments and injuries. On a scientific and medical aspect it is compassionate people lookingRead MoreStem Cell Research has the Potential to Alleviate Much Suffering1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthe words of former First Lady Nancy Reagan: â€Å"Embryonic stem cell research has the potential to alleviate so much suffering. Surely, by working together we can harness its life-giving potential.† Stem cell research shows so much promise to help people by treating diseases and other problems through therapy. While it seems as though the clear answer is that we should study stem cells as soon as possible, this is sadly not the case. Stem cell research is an ongoing controversy within politics and the

Reducing Disablement Adequate Appropriate â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Reducing Disablement Adequate Appropriate? Answer: Introducation The present case is based on the procedural activities of the Human Rights Review Tribunal (HRRT). The Human Rights Review Tribunal is a statutory body working in the provinces of New Zealand and protecting the rights of the individuals by determining the rights as a whole. The tribunal can exercise its power over the matters related to Human rights Law and Health and Disability Commissioner Act 1994 (Perkins et al., 2015). It has been made under section 50 of the Code of the tribunal that Director of Proceedings can make an appeal to the tribunal if there are sufficient grounds regarding the alleged offence. It is also mentioned under section 51 that if the Director of Proceeding denied taking the allegations, the aggrieved party can make an appeal to the tribunal directly (Squires Anderson, 2015). The tribunal has certain powers that are wide in nature and it established the application of human rights in the territory of New Zealand. The tribunal determines the human rights matter based on substantial matters and not on technicalities (Larson, 2017). All the determinations made by the tribunal create implications on society. Whenever, an allegation made by the Healthcare and Disability Commissioner under any section of the regulation, it is the duty of the tribunal to take immediate action regarding the same. In the present case, it has been observed that the aggrieved party is a twenty years old teenager who was suffered from spectrum disorder and certain intellectual disabilities. He needed special care and for the same reason his mother engaged Care Group Ltd to provide home service to support her child (Krahn, Walker Correa-De-Araujo, 2015). However, it has been mentioned under the Health and Disability Act 1994 that it is the utmost duty of the health care worker to take reasonable care regarding the aggrieved person. If there is any violation occurred regarding the interest of a person, the affected person may get certain opportunities to claim for damage from the offender. However, it has been mentioned under section 51 of the Code of HRRT that a person only can make a claim if the Director of Proceedings denied taking any action. Therefore, a person has to approach before the Director of Proceedings first. Under the Health and Disabilities Act, the definition and the function of the Directors have been mentioned. According to section 15 of the Act, it has been stated that the main objective of it is to management the activities effectively. they are responsible to the commissioner for all these efficiency, but regarding the powers they are not responsible to the commissioner. Therefore, it can be stated that the directors are enjoying statutory position under the Act. The function of the Director has been engraved under section 49 of the Act that provides the Directors to decide issue regarding disciplinary provisions or process before the tribunal or court (Furrow et al., 2015). In this case, it has been observed that the Directors of Proceeding had made a claim before the tribunal under section 50 of the Health and Disability Commissioners Act 1994. The present case attracts certain provisions form the civil and criminal law. It can be stated that the support worker had shown reluctances towards the victim. In both the civil and criminal sections, the defendant had acted negligently and he had violate the rules mentioned under the provisions of the Health and Disability Commissioners Act 1994 (Humphrey Chiarella, 2015). The present case has been attracts the provisions regarding the Tort Law of New Zealand. Under this Act, any aggrieved person may bring action against the wrongdoer and claim for damages. It is the right of every citizen to get certain benefits to lead life. If there is a breach occurred, the aggrieved person may claim damage under the provision of Tort law. There are certain other provisions mentioned about the grounds or remedies that the victim may approach regarding any default made b y the health care practitioner due to the course of their practice. It has been stated under the Right 4 (5) of the Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers Rights that it is the basic right of a patient to get good quality services. It is a fact that in health sector trust is an essential element. It has been stated under the relevant provision of law that if the medical practitioner has done any negligent acts or any person involved in health care practice, the victim can file case before the consumer forum. Nature of the negligent act in health care practice is medico-negligent. In the present case, it has been observed that the victim, who lost his life for the negligent act of the caretaker, was twenty years old. It is the sheer irresponsibility of the caretaker who had not only showed his irresponsibility, but violated the norms of the Health and Disability Commissioners Act 1994. It has been stated under section 49 (1) of the Act that a person cannot engage with more than one patient at a time. In this case, it has been observed that the alleged person had looked after two patients at the same time. Therefore, negligence has been observed on behalf of the defendant (Dale St John, 2016). The Crimes Act 1961 governs the provision regarding the criminal activity of New Zealand. Certain provisions of the criminal law will also be applicable in this case. It can be stated that the offender in this case had negligently act and that action take the life of the aggrieved person who used to be his patient. It is his duty to take care to his patient and he failed to do it. It has been stated in the case that the person confessed his guilt regarding the violation of the Health and Disability Commissioners Act 1994. The nature of the crime in this case is accidental and therefore, a civil suit will be filed and follow the disciplinary proceedings (Arnold, 2013). It is to be noted that two things need to be established in this case. The first one is the burden of proof and the second thing is the standard of proof. Burden of proof means to show the guilt of a person. In case of the criminal cases, the prosecution have to establish the fact regarding the commission of offence. Standard of proof means the level of proof that are required for the same. it depicts the level. Under the Human Rights Act 1993, it has been mentioned particularly under section 106 that it is the discretionary power of the tribunal regarding the submission of the evidences. The examination of witnesses, submission of the evidences either documentary or statement could be asked by the tribunal. It has been stated under the Act that certain provisions of the Evidence Act 2006 will be applicable here to verify the statement or the documents. In New Zealand, there are certain provisions regarding the consumer right enforced. It has been mentioned under the Consumer Guarantee Act of the country that any person who enjoys certain services will be treated as consumer. Consumer service can be given to the businesses or public bodies. It has been mentioned under the Act that professionals are included within the terms of the consumers. In the present case, it has been observed the mother of the deceased had contacted to one health care service and they had appointed certain professionals to help her out. One of such professional had breached his duty by violating the provisions of the Health and Disability Act and the outcome of the breach had taken the life of the victim. It can be stated here that the mother of the deceased was the consumer in this case and she had suffered by the negligent act by the professional. It has been stated under the Act that it is the right of the consumers to get proper service and the service must be carried out with care and skills. Therefore, it can be stated that in this case, this particular provisions have not been followed up properly. It was the duty of the offender to give reasonable care to the patient and looked after them with special skill. However, it has been observed that the offender had locked the patient up and went to market for shopping. It is the sheer irresponsibility of the offender to follow up his duties properly. It is also stated under the Health and Disability Commissioner Act 1994 that the professional has to take reasonable steps to the patients and they should not be engaged with more than one patient at a time. The offender has violated this rule mentioned under section 45 (1) of the Act. It has also been observed that the case was for the first time regulated by the Directors of Proceedings. It has been stated under section 49 of the Act that in such disciplinary proceedings actions can be taken by the Director of Proceedings. Certain duties of the tribunals are also mentioned in this case. It has been mentioned under 54 (1) of the Act that if there is sufficient ground to held that the defendant had breached the provisions of the code, the Director can claim before the tribunal under section 50 of the Act. If damage occurred regarding the breach of duty by the defendant and attracts the provision regarding the section 57 of the Act, tribunal has the power to take necessary action agai nst the defendant. It has been mentioned under the case that the defendant had made negligent act and one of his patient died of that. Therefore, it can be stated that damage has been occurred in this case and the defendant had to face certain punishment as per the will of the tribunal. Under the Code of Health and Disability Commissioners Act, it has been mentioned that the tribunal has the power to deliver remedies to the victim as per section 54 of the Act. Certain provisions of the section 50 of the Act will also be applied in such case. The tribunal can award cost against the accused or it can pass an order to cancel the practice certificate of the offender. However, in case of death of the victim, the tribunal may transfer the case toi other courts with higher authority, as the case may deem fit In a case of the Deputy Health and Disability Commissioner v Mogridge [2008] NZHRRT 50, the acts of Geoffrey Mogridge had made certain observations that can be relevant for the case. He used to provide service under section 2 of the Health and Disabilities Act 1994 and appointed as a counsellor at the home of the complainant. However, he had forgotten the financial responsibility and engaged with the wife of the complainant physically. It had been observed in the case that it is the duty of the defendant to maintain the standard of his profession but he had failed to perform the same (Beasley, 2015). It is also the duty of the health care workers to work for the protection of the public. However, both the grounds are not fulfilled. In this present case, also the defendant had failed to perform his duty on these grounds. Similar grounds are observed in the case of the Director of Proceedings v Nikau social workers [2010] NZHRRT 26 where the social worker had taken gift from the customer who was suffering from mental illness and he had therefore, breached the duty of the health care service. In that case, the tribunal held her liable and stated that she had to help the patient with monetary assistance. Similar approaches have been made in the case of the case of Radius Residential Care Ltd [2015] NZHRRT 50 where the tribunal had ordered against the defendant and ordered them to give certain penalty to the claimant. It is to be stated that the occupation chosen here is dental therapist. It denotes a team that take certain preventive actions regarding teeth or oral problems. In New Zealand, therapists are being trained at the University of Otago or University of Auckland. The opportunity get by the bachelor of this course is that they are allowed to register their name as dental therapists and dental hygienists (Tanny et al., 2016). Both the universities provided three years course since 2007 and it is mandatory for all the therapists to be registered with dental council. The scope regarding the occupation is stated under the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003. It is the duty of every dental hygienist is to prevent all the oral disease by proper diagnosis and treatment. However, if there is any laxity observed regarding the same and the therapists are unable to continue their professionalism to the patient, they may face penalties for that. It is their duty to take ultimate care o f the patient as they are basically child and certain adolescent (Tilvawala et al., 2014). Therefore, special care is required in this case. Therefore, it can be stated from this perspective that in the provinces of the New Zealand, the customers of the health care services are getting certain benefits if any violation has been made that cause damage to them. The tribunal provides certain benefits to the sufferer by way of punishing the offenders and secure the interest of the offenders. It is the optimum duty of the tribunal to secure justice by penalise the offenders. It is a huge step taken towards the consumers and the relevant provisions of the Health and Disability Commissioner Act facilitate the works of the tribunal in this case. The actions made by the tribunal are also effective for the future services of the health care sector. Reference: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2016). Scope of practice in speech-language pathology. Arnold, P. (2013). Is There a Legal Right to Pain Relief in New Zealand.Pub. Int. LJNZ, 15. Beasley, S. W. (2015). Understanding the responsibilities and obligations of the modern paediatric surgeon.Journal of pediatric surgery,50(2), 223-231. Dale, M. C., St John, S. (2016). New Zealand Superannuation policy and overseas state pensions1. Darlow, B. A., Horwood, L. J., Pere-Bracken, H. M., Woodward, L. J. (2013). psychology outcomes of young adults born very low birth weight.Pediatrics,132(6), e1521-e1528. Darlow, B. A., Horwood, L. J., Woodward, L. J., Elliott, J. M., Troughton, R. W., Elder, M. J., ... Melzer, T. R. (2015). The New Zealand 1986 very low birth weight cohort as young adults: mapping the road ahead.BMC pediatrics,15(1), 90. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015).Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Furrow, B., Greaney, T., Johnson, S., Jost, T., Schwartz, R. (2014).Health law. West Academic. Humphrey, C., Chiarella, M. (2015). Legal frameworks for practice in Australia and New Zealand.Midwifery-E-Book: Preparation for Practice, 304. Krahn, G. L., Walker, D. K., Correa-De-Araujo, R. (2015). Persons with disabilities as an unrecognized health disparity population.American journal of public health,105(S2), S198-S206. Larson, L. K. (2017).Employee Health--AIDS Discrimination(Vol. 10). Larson on Management Discrimination. Perkins, G. D., Jacobs, I. G., Nadkarni, V. M., Berg, R. A., Bhanji, F., Biarent, D., ... Deakin, C. D. (2015). Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome reports: update of the utstein resuscitation registry templates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, European Resuscitation Council, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa ....Resuscitation,96, 328-340. Squires, D., Anderson, C. (2015). US health care from a global perspective: spending, use of services, prices, and health in 13 countries.The Commonwealth Fund,15, 1-16. Tanny, L., Komabayashi, T., Long, D. L., Yahata, Y., Moffat, S. M., Tne, H. (2016). The effect of education on oral health students attitudes in Australia and New Zealand. European journal of dentistry, 10(4), 491. Tilvawala, D., Murray, C., Farah, R., Broadbent, J. M. (2014). New Zealand dental therapists beliefs regarding child maltreatment. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 38(5), 480-484. Wilkinson-Meyers, L., Brown, P., Reeve, J., McNeill, R., Patston, P., Dylan, S., ... McEldowney, J. (2014). Reducing disablement with adequate and appropriate resources: a New Zealand perspective.Disability Society,29(10), 1540-1553.

Sustainable Climatic Change Adaptation Plan-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sustainable Climatic Change Adaptation Plan? Answer: Introduction Climatic change is the critical determinant that ensures the sustainable condition of life. From 1850, the mean global temperature has increased in a systematical manner by the effect of burning fossil fuel and greenhouse gasses. The change in mankind, agriculture, food, behavior, location, cost, preservation, conservation, speed and the relativity of technology all these are critical aspects which are connected with the adaptive change in climatic conditions. The report shed light on the climatic condition of Melbourne, a city of Australia. The zero-emission strategy of their municipality commission has impacted over the global change in the environment in Australia. Climate change is a risk for the sustainable climatic condition thus their focus and commitment has imposed over the progressive nature of adaptation procedure. The industrious revolution, food accessibility, food system all these are changed by the time and that expected change is come because of that weather condition . In this report, the discussion over a change in the climatic conditions in Australia and the position over the risk orientation with it show in an illustrious view so that adaptive measures are being taken. Climatic and geographical influence Different weather systems are persisted in Australia that affects the natural environment and significant climate features in changed atmospheric conditions. Melbourne is situated at the southern part of city center. The greenery and the forest accumulation mad ethe city fresher and have no issue regarding the climatic change. The phase of El Nino provides extensive warming due to the effect of coastal Pacific Ocean, the average rainfall is being set as the cooling and water supply is being related by the process. Vision over the climatic change in Melbourne has adapted by several goals and principles. The Indian Ocean also provides a certain effect in Australian climatic change (Vardoulakis et al. 2014). Sea surface temperature has been noted as high by the influence of Indian Ocean. The technical report has given from CSIRO has illustrated the estimation of seasons, rainfalls, temperatures and humidity. In Melbourne, four climatic changes are found that must get a significant impac t on the potential climatic conditions. The condition of decline rainfall and drought situation can make a huge impact on the climatic situation of Melbourne. The declaration of annual rainfall in rainy days considered a huge fall as in 2030 the percentage of declaration will 6% and in 2070 the declining percentage will be 10- 19%. The rise of annual temperature will have a sudden increase of 0.3 to 1.0-degree celsius and 0.6 to 2.5-degree celsius by 2050. The rainfall intensity has got an increase of 0.9% by 2030 and 3.0 to 5.9% by 2070. Thus, combustion of green house gases, burning influence of fossil fuel and industrial revolution has made a greater impact over the atmosphere (Wroe et al. 2013). Rainfall circulation is the peak in the tropical zone and decrease of rainfall in eastern and southern Australia. Sea level has risen almost 1.4 mm per year and extreme fire weather days have increased in 2010 and onwards. The depth of snow is decreasing by the time and intensity of the temperature and records are being set from 2013 onwards. Climatic change positioning The change in a climatic system is noticed and as the 90% of extra energy is being produced by the accumulated climatic change thus long-term surface temperature is sustained which is exactly not required for the country. The major challenge in Melbourne climatic adaptation is risk management and the effective strategies to mitigate this. There are some critical areas where water supply is the concern risk factor because of reduced rainfall. There is some extreme temperature rise of Melbourne that affected the average high temperature of 7-degree centigrade (VanDerWal et al. 2013). There are some key changes that make a considerable change in the climatic condition in Australia. The expected growth in emissions that impacted over the agriculture, ecosystem and biodiversity in Australia. There are certain obligations where global climate change adaptation is the key aspect to indulge in. The adverse impact of climatic changes in Pacific and Asia has impacted over the climatic condition over Australia. The effective global mitigation policies and expected IPCC projection have based on the examined point of view of impactful results regarding the climatic changes. In the World Food Summit in 1996, the declaration of the food supply is asserted as the nutritious and healthy food intake is the dietary need and preference of the people. People should intake the healthy and safe food. If food system has been changed by the influence of climatic change than the insecurities over the food metabolism and the potential impact of the food insecure countries have evolved in a greater way. Food supply has been depending on the three segmentation of food analysis. These are the availability of food, trend, and level of food and variability of access and supplies of food (Urban 2015). Health, hygiene, and consumption all these are related to the food supply and nutritional process of the system. Refugees policies and imposed penalties are implemented to save the refugees from the external disturbance. However, the climatic change forces the refugees to move their place and roam for the better and suitable places. The impact of high temperature and the extr eme prediction of annual temperature growth in Melbourne have projected in the scenario. There are some immigration activities that curtailed the population percentage and retained the facility for the children and women. Community placement, work right problem, case support accession, security assessment these all are the denied proximal vividness that impacted over the refugee movements (Taylor et al. 2013). ABF Act implemented effect from 1st July 2015 to precede the immigration process in an ethical way [Refer to Appendix 3]. Risk management issue owed to climatic change Climate change in 2020 or 2050 is assumed as the most drastic change in environment. The way global warming is engrossing and the consistent contributions of greenhouse effect are carried over the mitigation of these things are quite challenging for the world. Melbourne has considered that mitigate the warming of 5% within 2020. This is a challenging task as the trajectory range of warming is increasing at an average by 40 to 60 % in the global aspect. Hence, risk behind the cost disruption and assumed climatic change can make the better impact over the next generation. There are certain climate models like temporal resolution and spatial resolution which offers calculative calmative variables and horizontal grid of determining longitude and latitude specification on a change in climate. The equitation mathematical representation analysis with grid variation and progression of climate model has emphasized on the parallel changes in restoration and temporal understanding on the improv ed scenario of climatic changes (Change et al. 2014). Other forms of risk management included the two scenarios in global change. The first one is high emission scenario and the other is very low emission scenario. The affected scenarios in this aspect are land surface, Biosphere, atmosphere, and ocean where the evaporation from land and evaporation from Ocean has happened in a drastic way. In such cases, heavier rain periods have seen thereafter. Flooding increases bushfires and sea level rise is the accused scenario for these situations (Howes et al. 2015). Adaptation plan Adaptation plans need to be taken for controlling the measure and define the probable climatic extension so that life can sustain in this earth. In Australia, annual rainfall, wind projection, temperature issues all these can be controlled by the two adaptive strategies management. The infrastructure of the country may have been designed in a better way so that climatic effects may mitigate in a bit (Adger et al. 2013). The next adaptation strategies are agriculture, this is one of the most important and effective strategies that must be implemented in a right manner so that in this global warming arena normal atmosphere sustain in the desired way. Current climate condition and appraising the adoption plans are important for the sections development as well as multilateral environmental facts (Leonard et al. 2013). Capacity gap and assessing the development need in climate versatilities are important to make strategies so that risk can be mitigated. National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is essential understanding to make stocktaking on the climate change, as the addressing climatic changes are sensitive enough to deal with the technical capacity and co-benefit adaptation. Implementation strategies like promoting coordination and regional level of synergy have to be planned in an ethical way so that enhancement of appropriate strategy must implement to sustain good environment culture of the environment. In case of initiating or launching a process of NAP, legitimate climatically change and developed measure can serve the public awareness as well (Wheeler, Zuo and Bjornlund 2013). Therefore, adaptive policies are must be taken for strengthening the cooperative activities and for the evaluation performances to support the conventional process of mitigating the effect of climatic changes. Conclusion Therefore, the report can be concluded that changing climate is an important issue that creates a great impact on all the aspects of Melbourne. The reason may be global warming of the greenhouse gas inflation in the world but the sufferer is always the lively once. The depth of snow decline as well as the rain in some parts, some parts of Australia is flooded through. So the contrasting scenario is presented for that reason. Sea level rise or the frequent hotter climatic change has made a hint of imbalance situation in the atmosphere. Thus in future, the whole world and Melbourne too can surface a big trouble to mitigate that. Hence, to avoid such consequences, proper planning and adaptation policies are taken for the developed and systematic change in climate. References: Adger, W.N., Barnett, J., Brown, K., Marshall, N. and O'Brien, K., 2013. Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation. Nature Climate Change,3(2), p.112. Change, I.P.O.C., 2014. IPCC.Climate change. Howes, M., Tangney, P., Reis, K., Grant-Smith, D., Heazle, M., Bosomworth, K. and Burton, P., 2015. Towards networked governance: improving interagency communication and collaboration for disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in Australia.Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,58(5), pp.757-776. Leonard, S., Parsons, M., Olawsky, K. and Kofod, F., 2013. The role of culture and traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation: Insights from East Kimberley, Australia.Global Environmental Change,23(3), pp.623-632. Taylor, R.G., Scanlon, B., Dll, P., Rodell, M., Van Beek, R., Wada, Y., Longuevergne, L., Leblanc, M., Famiglietti, J.S., Edmunds, M. and Konikow, L., 2013. Ground water and climate change.Nature Climate Change,3(4), p.322. Urban, M.C., 2015. Accelerating extinction risk from climate change.Science,348(6234), pp.571-573. VanDerWal, J., Murphy, H.T., Kutt, A.S., Perkins, G.C., Bateman, B.L., Perry, J.J. and Reside, A.E., 2013. Focus on poleward shifts in species' distribution underestimates the fingerprint of climate change.Nature Climate Change,3(3), p.239. Vardoulakis, S., Dear, K., Hajat, S., Heaviside, C., Eggen, B. and McMichael, A.J., 2014. Comparative assessment of the effects of climate change on heat-and cold-related mortality in the United Kingdom and Australia.Environmental health perspectives,122(12), p.1285. Wheeler, S., Zuo, A. and Bjornlund, H., 2013. Farmers climate change beliefs and adaptation strategies for a water scarce future in Australia.Global Environmental Change,23(2), pp.537-547. Wroe, S., Field, J.H., Archer, M., Grayson, D.K., Price, G.J., Louys, J., Faith, J.T., Webb, G.E., Davidson, I. and Mooney, S.D., 2013. Climate change frames debate over the extinction of megafauna in Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea).Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(22), pp.8777-8781.

Foundation Engineering in Difficult Soils

Introduction Recent research conducted in the U.S (Jones, Holtz, 1973) has shown that the country spends an estimated 7 billion dollars each year as a result of damage to all types of structures build on expansive soils. The research further shows that more than twice as much is spent on damage due to swelling soils as is spent on damage from floods, hurricanes, tornadoes and earthquakes.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Foundation Engineering in Difficult Soils specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Certainly, the problem is of enormous financial proportions. The issue of the effect of expansive soils has probably received more attention than any other analysis associated with difficult soils. Numerous analytical procedures have been proposed in various countries. However, most methods have been used to a limited extent within a limited geographical area (Jones, Holtz, 1973). This term paper examines the issue s urrounding expansive soils in relation to foundational engineering. Case History In order to establish the effect of poor foundational design in expandable soils, this paper will briefly present a case history for emphasis. In 1961, the Division of Building Research under the National Research Council carried out a study to monitor the performance of an industrial building in North-Central Regina. In the study, instrumentation was installed to monitor ground movements at various depths below the slab. Approximately one year after construction, the owner noticed considerable cracking of the floor slab. Precise level surveys conducted at that time showed the maximum total heave to be 106 mm. The owner had also noted a significant increase in water consumption (i.e. 35 000 litres). It was later discovered that a leak had occurred in the hot water line beneath the floor slab, at the location of maximum heave. Although this is just but a simple case history, it speaks volumes on the need for thorough foundational planning in constructions involving expansive soils (Yoshida et al, 1983). Problem Statement The challenge with planning building foundations on moderate to highly expansive clay soils are the probable damaging effects of differential movements of the foundation structural elements owing to volumetric changes of the underlying and adjoining soils. In nonprofessional’s language, expansive soils swell up and cause heave with increasing soil moisture, or can dehydrate and cause subsidence with diminishing soil moisture.Advertising Looking for term paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Muckel (2004), movement of expansive soils is brought about by fluctuations in the moisture level of soil particles. Because homogenous expansive soils have very low permeability, fluctuations in the moisture essence of the soils might usually be expected to happen over a prolonged perio d. However, permeability is amplified with geotechnical phenomena such as land faults, surface fractures due to waterlessness of clays, and decomposition of tree roots, which bring about cracks that become widely spread over time. Due to the continued wetting, expansion, drying, and shrinking of the soil as it weathers, the cracks often fill up with sediment and sand, and create pathways for water that can aggravate the permeation process. Additionally, water can also move easily through naturally occurring sand strata, sand seams, and micro-fissures in clay soil caused by earlier shrinkage. High negative pressures, also referred to as suction, in expansive soils with low water content also raise the tendency for absorption of water into the soil (Muckel, 2004). Apart from environmental factors, expansive soils can also be affected by climatic conditions. Water removal by trees and other plants, a process known in science as transpiration, can become a basis for soil shrinkage. Swel ling can be caused by water penetration into the soil from neighborhood irrigation systems, broken water tubes, inundated and leaking service dugouts, poor drainage system, or dripping swimming pools, or it can be caused by slow moisture replacement and equalization after the confiscation of a tree. The combined effect and inconsistency of all these possibilities make it difficult to precisely predict expansive soil ground movements (Muckel, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Foundation Engineering in Difficult Soils specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his book titled Foundation Design: Principles and Practices, Donald Coduto (2005) notes that foundation movements are viewed as problematic only if they bring about negative occurrences that destructively affect the functionality or exterior of the building. The negative occurrences are considered to be structural if the weight carrying capacity of the su perstructure or foundation elements are affected, or are deemed to be cosmetic if only the appearance of the outside covering or interior wall, floor, or ceiling finishing are affected. Negative phenomena can also affect the serviceability of the building, such as the opening or closing of the doors. In most cases, negative occurrences due to foundation movement naturally occur because of disparity movements between various parts of the building. These disparity movements in most cases lead to high internal stresses in building components often ending as distress in the form of gaping cracks, splitting, twisting, collapsing, or separations in the exterior covering systems such as block, cement board panels, or in the internal finishes such as drywall finishes, wood paneling and carpeting (Coduto, 2005). Apart from reinforcing the building weight, the aim of engineering foundation design in expansive soil areas should be to economically alleviate the negative effects of foundation mo vement. This can be done by isolating rudiments of the foundation system from possible soil movements or by using design methods and details that help to manage the consequences of the soil movement. In most cases, movements of expansive soils are generally constrained to an upper zone of soils referred to as the active zone. The lower boundary of this zone is usually defined as the line of zero movement. The depth of the active zone differs from location to location. The depth of the active zone is an imperative design parameter used in the engineering design of foundations on expansive soils, principally when planning to apply deep foundations. Another general design consideration is the effect of the extent of extra pressure on the scale of heave that can occur.Advertising Looking for term paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lightly loaded foundation components, such as physical framework, pavements, and building slab-on-grade floors are affected more by expansive soil volumetric variations than are heavily loaded foundation components such as heavily loaded bearing walls. This is because heavy loads significantly reduce the amount of expansion that can occur. Numerous foundation system design options to meet these goals to varying degrees are available. There are also many options in the design and selection of components that constitute these foundation systems. However, these choices should only be based upon an engineered geotechnical investigation (Jones, Holtz, 1973). There are various types of foundation systems that are usually used for residential and other low-rise buildings in areas where expansive soil is predominant. The foundation systems are subdivided into two groups namely the deep support system and shallow support systems. It is important to note that each of these systems has an ass ociated level of risk of damage that can happen to the building superstructure and architectural components due to differential foundation movements. Each of these systems has a connected relative cost of construction. When contrasting the various foundation systems, the intensity of risk is characteristically found to be inversely proportional to the level of cost (Muckel, 2004). In most cases, higher risks are usually acknowledged due to financial considerations. For example, shallow support systems usually have a moderately higher level of risk compared to deep support systems, but are usually adopted due to finances and affordability (Jones, Holtz, 1973). Deep Support Systems Deep support systems are characterized as foundations having deep components such as drilled piers or piles that expand way below the moisture active zone of the soils. These components function as a boundary to the vertical movements of the building by providing vertical support in a soil section that is not prone to downward movement brought about by moisture fluctuations. The deep support system is divided in to several sub-systems all of which are adopted depending on location to location. These subsystems include; isolated structural systems with deep foundations, stiffened structural slab with deep foundations, stiffened non-structural slab with deep foundations, and non-stiffened slab-on-grade with deep foundations. Each of these support systems has its own advantages and disadvantages but one thing that is common among them is that they are superior to shallow support systems. The only advantage that is synonymous with each one of them is the higher construction cost but this is secondary when compared with the safety of the building (Muckel, 2004). Shallow Support Systems Shallow support foundation systems are defined as foundations having shallow foundations that do not go below the moisture active zone of the soils and are prone to vertical movements due to volumetric chan ges of the expansive soils. Like the deep support systems, the shallow support systems are divided in to subsystems. These subsystems include the grade-supported stiffened structural slab, grade-supported stiffened non-structural, slab and grade-supported non-stiffened slab of uniform thickness. In a large part, this system is preferred due to the fast time in construction and reduced costs. However, this system has a high risk of vertical movement as compared to deep support system and it is therefore not recommended for use in high-rise buildings (Coduto, 2005). Mixed Depth Systems Just as the name suggests, mixed depth systems are foundations that extend to diverse bearing depths. Although their use is disallowed for some applications, mixed depth systems are sometimes utilized. The systems can be employed for new structures on sites with large plan areas located on a site with broadly changeable soil conditions and for new structures on locations with a considerable amount of de ep fill. Additionally, the systems can be used for new structures on a sloping hillside, for new structures located adjacent to a waterway or slopes greater than 5%, for existing structures when adding a new building among other places. When a new addition is added on to an existing building, consideration must be given to the depths of the new and existing foundation systems. Conclusion When dealing with expansive soils, it is advisable to employ various mitigation options to reduce the damaging effects of soil movement due to improper drainage and transpiration of trees and bushes. Employing a moisture control system prevents damage by controlling the amount of water and moisture that enter into the location soils. This includes methods to direct storm water runoff and methods of providing irrigation to lawn vegetation. Some recommended ways of controlling site drainage include site grading, French drains, and area drains. These systems just like the support systems reduce vertica l movements of building foundations by moderating the effects of seasonal moisture changes. References Coduto, D. (2005). Foundation Design: Principles and Practices. London: Prentice-Hall. Jones, E., Holtz, W. (1973). Expansive Soils-The Hidden Disaster. ASCE, Civil Engineering, 43 (2), 87-89. Muckel, G. (2004). Understanding Soil Risks and Hazards: Using Soil Survey to Identify Areas with Risks and Hazards to Human Life and Property. Retrieved from ftp://ftp fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NSSC/Soil_Risks/risk_low_res.pdf Yoshida, R., Fredlund, D., Hamilton, J. (1983). The Prediction of Total Heave of a Slab-on-Grade Floor on Regina Clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 20 (3), 69-81. This term paper on Foundation Engineering in Difficult Soils was written and submitted by user Jabari Gonzalez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The 20 Poetic Devices You Must Know

The 20 Poetic Devices You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Looking to spice up your writing? Poetic devices are the salt and pepper (and, if you get really into them, the saffron and caraway) of writing; when deployed effectively, they add flavor and texture to your work. But what is a poetic device? Do they only work in poetry? In this article, we’ll cover what they are, when you can use them, and how to better understand their function in any literary form! What Is a Poetic Device? At its most basic, a poetic device is a deliberate use of words, phrases, sounds, and even shapes to convey meaning. That sounds so broad that it could basically encompass any form of written expression, but poetic devices are generally used to heighten the literal meaning of words by considering sound, form, and function. There are a lot of poetic devices, just as there are a lot of literary and rhetorical devices. Anything that impacts the way a poem or other written work looks or sounds is a type of poetic device, including devices that are also classified as literary or rhetorical devices. Consider your writing- whether it’s an essay, poem, or non-fiction article- as a meal you’re cooking. You use good ingredients and put a lot of care into the dish, so you know it’s going to taste good. But there are ways to make it taste even better, little additions that can bring out the taste of each ingredient to make it even tastier- a pinch of salt, a touch of cumin. That’s what poetic devices do. Like the metaphor I used in the last paragraph, poetic devices infuse literal meanings (what words actually say) with figurative meanings (implications, unexpected connotations, and so on). You might have gotten the point that poetic devices improve writing without me comparing them to spices, but that metaphor added flavor and enhanced the meaning that was already there. But metaphors are only one method of enhancing your writing. A poem about a horse may use a hoofbeat rhythm (otherwise known as an anapest or dactyl, depending on which syllable is stressed- da-da-DUH for the former and DUH-da-da for the latter) to really draw the reader in. The reader doesn’t have to notice the hoofbeat rhythm for it to be effective, either; often, a rhythm helps readers remember what they’ve read without them necessarily realizing it. One important thing to remember is that literary devices, like spices, are great in moderation, but overpowering if overused. Nobody wants to eat a bowl of pepper, just like nobody wants to read something if its meaning is totally obscured by flowery language. You don’t have to hold back entirely- many wonderful poets, essayists, and authors can use flowery language to great effect- but do make sure that your poetic devices are enhancing rather than overshadowing your point. Writers commonly use literary devices in poetry to help make their points memorable or their language more evocative. You’ve likely used poetic devices without thinking about it, but deliberate use can make your writing even stronger! A little skillful use of spices and poetic devices goes a long way. 20 Top Poetic Devices to Remember There are tons of poetic devices out there- it would be nearly impossible to list all of them. But to get you started, we've compiled some of the most common poetry terms, along with a few of the more interesting ones! Allegory An allegory is a story, poem, or other written work that can be interpreted to have a secondary meaning. Aesop’s Fables are examples of allegories, as they are ostensibly about one thing (such as â€Å"The Ant and the Grasshopper†) but actually have a secondary meaning. Fables are particularly literal examples of allegories, but there are many others, as well, such as George Orwell’s Animal Farm or Christina Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Fruit.† Alliteration Alliteration is the repetition of a sound or letter at the beginning of multiple words in a series. â€Å"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ -Edgar Allen Poe, â€Å"The Raven† Poe uses alliteration with the â€Å"wh,† sound at the beginning of multiple words. The repetition here mimics the sound of the wind (something you might hear on a dreary night), and also sounds a little soothing- something that’s interrupted in the next couple of lines by a different sound, just as Poe interrupts his soothing, round vowel sounds with repetition of the ‘p’ sound in â€Å"suddenly there came a tapping, / As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door†¦.† Allusion An allusion is an indirect reference to something. â€Å"The Cunninghams are country folks, farmers, and the crash hit them hardest.† - Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird Lee isn’t speaking of a literal crash- she’s referencing the stock market crash of the late 1920s, which left many people without money. Scout, To Kill a Mockingbird’s narrator, references the stock market crash in a way that’s appropriate for her context, which readers can gather from the novel’s setting. Using this allusion allows Lee to do some quick scene-setting. Not only does it establish the novel firmly within its setting, but it also shows that Scout herself is a clear part of that setting- she speaks to the audience in the way that a child of that era would speak, giving the story a greater sense of realism. Apostrophe An apostrophe is a poetic device where the writer addresses a person or thing that isn’t present with an exclamation. â€Å"O stranger of the future!O inconceivable being!whatever the shape of your house,no matter how strange and colorless the clothes youmay wear,I bet nobody there likes a wet dog either.I bet everybody in your pubeven the children, pushes her away.†- Billy Collins, â€Å"To A Stranger Born In Some Distant Country Hundreds Of Years From Now† Though we know from the title that Collins is addressing a stranger from the future, in the final stanza of the poem he addresses that stranger directly. Apostrophe was particularly common in older forms of poetry, going all the way back to Ancient Greece- many works of Greek literature begin with an invocation of the Muses, typically by saying something like, â€Å"Sing in me, O Muse.† Because the narrator of Collins’ poem is calling out to someone in the future, he mimics the language of the past and situates this poem in a larger context. Assonance Assonance is the repetition of vowel or diphthong sounds in one or more words found close together. â€Å" Hear the loud alarum bells- Brazen bells!/ What tale of terror, now, their turbulency tells! In the startled ear of night How they scream out their affright! Too much horrified to speak, They can only shriek, shriek, Out of tune†¦.†- Edgar Allen Poe, â€Å"The Bells† When Poe talks about alarm bells, he uses sharp, high-pitch vowels to echo their sound: notice the repetition of long â€Å"e† and â€Å"i† sounds, both of which sound a bit like screams. Blank Verse Blank verse refers to poetry written without rhyme, especially if that poetry is written in iambic pentameter. â€Å"But, woe is me, you are so sick of late,So far from cheer and from your former state,That I distrust you. Yet, though I distrust,Discomfort you, my lord, it nothing must. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ - William Shakespeare, â€Å"Hamlet† Many of Shakespeare’s plays are written in blank verse, including much of â€Å"Hamlet.† Here, the dialog is without rhymes, which makes it sound more realistic, but it still follows a strict meter- iambic pentameter. This lends it a sense of grandiosity beyond if Shakespeare had tried to mimic natural speech, and the deliberate space of stressed and unstressed syllables gives it a satisfying sense of rhythm. Consonance Consonance is the repetition of specific consonant sounds in close proximity. â€Å"Tyger Tyger, burning bright,In the forests of the night; What immortal hand or eye,Could frame thy fearful symmetry?† - William Blake, â€Å"The Tyger† Black repeatedly uses multiple sounds in the first stanza of this famous poem. One of the most prominent is ‘r,’ which shows up in every line of the first stanza, and almost every line of the poem as a whole. As Blake is writing about the tiger, he’s musing on its fearsome nature and where it comes from, with the repeated ‘r’ sound mimicking the tiger’s growl like a small, subtle threat in the poem’s background. Enjambment An enjambment is the continuation of a sentence beyond a line break, couplet, or stanza without an expected pause. â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet?Maybe it just sags like a heavy load.Or does it explode?† - Langston Hughes, â€Å"Harlem† Hughes plays with multiple methods of ending lines in this poem, including enjambment. The first two lines of the second stanza and the second-to-last stanza are examples of enjambment, as the thought continues from one line to the next without any punctuation. Notice the way these lines feel in comparison to the others, especially the second example, isolated in its own stanza. The way it’s written mimics the exhaustion of carrying a heavy load, as you can’t pause for breath the way that you do with the lines ended with punctuation. Irony Irony has a few different meanings. The most common isthe use of tone or exaggeration to convey a meaning opposite to what's being literally said. A second form of irony is situational irony, in which a situationor event contradicts expectations, usually in a humorous fashion. A third form is dramatic irony, where the audience of a play, movie, or other piece of art is aware of something that the characters are not. Basic irony, where what someone says doesn't match what they mean, might look something like this: "Yeah, Ilove dogs," she said dryly, holding the miniature poodle at arm's length as hives sprang up along her arms. Situational irony would include things like a police station getting robbed or a marriage counselor getting a divorce- we would expect police to be able to resist getting robbed and a marriage counselor to be able to save their own marriage, so the fact that these unexpected things occur is darkly funny. One of the most famous examples of dramatic irony is inRomeo and Juliet. The audience knows that Juliet isn't dead when Romeo comes to find her in the tomb, but obviously can't stop Romeo from killing himself to be with her. Unlike other forms of irony, dramatic irony often isn't funny- it heightens tension and increases audience investment, but doesn't necessarily have to make people laugh. Metaphor A metaphor is when a writer compares one thing to another. â€Å"An emotional rollercoaster† is a common example of a metaphor- so common, in fact, that it’s become cliche. Experiencing multiple emotions in a short period of time can feel a lot like riding a roller coaster, as you have a series of extreme highs and lows. Meter Meter refers to the rhythm of a poem or other written work as it’s expressed through the number and length of the feet in each line. â€Å"But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks?It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with grief†¦Ã¢â‚¬ - William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare famously wrote frequently in iambic pentameter, a specific type of meter containing five iambic feet. Iambs are a foot- a unit of rhythm- consisting of one unstressed and one stressed syllable. In the first line of this passage, you have five iambs, which produces a sort of heartbeat-esque rhythm. â€Å"But soft / what light / through yon- / -der win- / -dow breaks?† Meter like this gives readers expectations about how each line will go, which can be very useful if you want to subvert them, such as how Shakespeare does in Hamlet: â€Å"To be / or not / to be / that is / the ques- / -ion.† Because we expect iambic pentameter, the rule-breaking here clues us in that something isn’t right with Hamlet. Ode An ode is a short lyrical poem, often in praise of something. â€Å"Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness, Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,Sylvan historian, who canst thus express A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:What leaf-fring'd legend haunts about thy shape Of deities or mortals, or of both, In Tempe or the dales of Arcady? What men or gods are these? What maidens loth?What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?†- John Keats, â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† Keats’ â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† covers all the required bases of the ode- it’s short at just five stanzas, it’s lyrical (the language is clearly elevated above regular speech), and it’s written in praise of a scene on an imagined Grecian urn, which preserves the beauty of several scenes for eternity. Though Keats’ ode here may be in earnest, the deliberate use of language far outside our normal method of speaking often makes the form ripe for satire. In this case, Keats is using this language to discuss beauty and truth, two rather lofty themes that work in tandem with the lofty language. Pun A pun is a play on words, using multiple meanings or similar sounds to make a joke. "Mine is a long and a sad tale!" said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. "It is a long tail, certainly," said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse's tail; "but why do you call it sad?" And she kept on puzzling about it while the Mouse was speaking...." - Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Here, Alice clearly misunderstands what the mouse is saying- he says ‘tale,’ referring to his long and sad story, and she hears ‘tail,’ referring to his literal tail. The result is a misunderstanding between the two that ends with Alice looking rude and uncaring. Though it makes Alice look bad, it’s quite entertaining for the reader. The world of Wonderland is full of strangeness, so it’s not really a surprise that Alice wouldn’t understand what’s happening. However, in this case it’s a legitimate misunderstanding, heightening the comedy as Alice’s worldview is once again shaken. Repetition Repetition is fairly self-explanatory- it’s the process of repeating certain words or phrases. â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night,Old age should burn and rave at close of day;Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words had forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that good night.Good men, the last wave by, crying how brightTheir frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,Do not go gentle into that good night.†- Dylan Thomas, â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night† Throughout this poem, Thomas repeats the lines, â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night,† and â€Å"Rage, rage against the dying of the light.† The two lines don’t appear together until the final couplet of the poem, cementing their importance in relation to one another. But before that, the repetition of each line clues you in to their importance. No matter what else is said, the repetition tells you that it all comes back to those two lines. Rhetorical Question A rhetorical question is a question asked to make a point rather than in expectation of an answer. â€Å"Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?† - Sojourner Truth, â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman?† Sojourner Truth’s question to the Women’s Convention of 1981 in Akron, Ohio isn’t a question that needs an answer. Of course she’s a woman- she, as well as everybody else in the audience, knew that perfectly well. However, Sojourner Truth was a black woman in the time of slavery. Many white women wouldn’t have considered her to be part of the women’s rights movement despite her gender. By asking the question, Sojourner Truth is raising the point that she is a woman, and therefore should be part of the conversation about women’s rights. â€Å"Ain’t I a woman?† isn’t a question of gender, but a question of race- if it’s a conference about women’s rights, why weren’t black women included? By asking a question about an undeniable truth, Sojourner Truth was in fact pointing out the hypocrisy of the conference. Rhyme A rhyme is a repetition of syllables at the end of words, often at the end of a line of poetry, but there are many unique kinds of rhymes. â€Å"It was many and many a year ago, In a kingdom by the sea,That a maiden there lived whom you may know By the name of Annabel Lee;And this maiden she lived with no other thought Than to love and be loved by me.†- Edgar Allen Poe, â€Å"Annabel Lee† Poe’s poem starts off with a fairly typical ABAB rhyme scheme- the first line rhymes with the third, the second with the fourth. However, in line five, we get a jarring line that does not rhyme, which is carried through the rest of the poem. The rhyming sounds hearken back to classic songs and stories, but is undone by something that doesn’t sound right, just as the classic love story of the narrator and Annabel Lee is undone by tragedy. Rhythm Rhythm refers to the pattern of long, short, stressed, and unstressed syllables in writing. â€Å"Double, double toil and trouble;Fire burn and caldron bubble.Fillet of a fenny snake,In the caldron boil and bake†¦Ã¢â‚¬ - William Shakespeare, Macbeth In this scene from Macbeth, the witches are positioned as being strange and unnatural, and the rhyme scheme Shakespeare uses is also unnatural. It lends the passage a sing-song quality that isn’t present in other parts of the play, which is easy to get stuck in your head. This is important, because their prophecies also get stuck in Macbeth’s head, leading him to commit his horrible crimes. Sonnet A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem with a strict rhyme scheme, often written in iambic pentameter. â€Å"How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.I love thee to the depth and breadth and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sightFor the ends of being and ideal grace.I love thee to the level of every day’sMost quiet need, by sun and candle-light.I love thee freely, as men strive for right;I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.I love thee with the passion put to useIn my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith.I love thee with a love I seemed to loseWith my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death.†- Elizabeth Barrett Browning, â€Å"How Do I Love Thee† Sonnets were a standard poetry format for a long time- Shakespeare famously wrote sonnets, as did poets like Browning. As with blank verse, sonnets are often written in iambic pentameter, which gives the writing a sense of realism, as it’s not quite as affected as other rhythms, but also makes it feel purposeful and different from natural speech. Because sonnets have a rhyme scheme, they feel removed again from realistic speech. But that works in form’s favor- the rigid structure encourages unconventional word use (hence the memorability of â€Å"How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.†) and marks poems in this style as having a kind of heightened reality. Because blank and free verse arose later, writing sonnets in modern times gives poems a classic or even intentionally antiquated feeling, which can work in the poet’s favor. You probably don't need to light a candle and bust out your magnifying glass to understand poetic devices, but nothing's stopping you! How to Identify and Analyze Poetic Devices It’s nearly impossible to remember every poetic device, but teaching yourself to identify and analyze them is a great way to increase your vocabulary and writing ability. To learn more about them, you can: Read More Reading widely in a variety of literary forms- poetry, prose, essays, non-fiction, and so on- is one of the best ways to learn more poetic devices. You may not notice them all, but challenge yourself to find one example of a poetic device every time you read. Remember, there are lots of kinds of poetic devices; they don’t always have to be things you’d only find in poetry. The more you read, the more exposed you are to different kinds of writing styles. If you read widely, you’ll see more people using language creatively- when you see something interesting, make note of it and see if it’s a poetic device you can use in your own writing! Use Them In Your Own Writing Identifying them is great, but to really understand poetic devices, try using them. Not every device is right for every situation, but playing a little with your language can reveal to you exactly how these devices work. Challenge yourself to use new devices to get a better appreciation for how they can elevate your writing. Question Poetic Devices When you come upon a poetic device in something you’re reading, ask yourself what the author is doing with it. What purpose does alliteration serve in a specific context? Why did I choose to use that spices metaphor earlier in this article? Was it effective or confusing? The more you think about these devices, the more you’ll get a feel for how they work and why writers use them. Understanding the different ways they can be used will help you discover how to use them better, so don’t be afraid to start questioning how and why professionals do it! Key Tips for Literary Devices in Poetry Enhancing your writing with poetic devices is great, but there are a few things to keep in mind to be sure you’re doing it right. First, don’t overuse them. Poetic devices can be great for making your writing sound more interesting or to deliver information in a more impactful manner, but too much really stands out. Alliteration is great, but an alliterative sonnet that’s an allusion to Greek literature can feel a little gimmicky. Even too much alliteration can quickly feel hackneyed if it’s not done with a purpose. Ask yourself why you’re using these devices and trim them if you can’t think of a reason- restraint is as much a part of good writing as the skillful use of a poetic device. Don’t forget that poetic devices are good for more than just poetry. A well-written essay can use a great metaphor. A sonnet can be written in plain English for a great effect. An article for your school newspaper might be improved with a little alliteration. Feel free to experiment with how and when these devices are used- adding in an unexpected poetic device is a great way to elevate your writing. What’s Next? Poetic devices are just one of the many kinds of tools you can use to enhance your writing. Check out this list of rhetorical devices for even more things you can doto liven up your work! Want even more poetic devices? Check out this article on personification, which covers examples of this device in both poetry and literature! Dylan Thomas' "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night," is a great example of repetition, but there's a lot more to it than that! This article will give you some in-depth information on the meaning of Dylan Thomas' poem, including how to analyze it!

Who was Adam Smith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Who was Adam Smith - Essay Example This historic distinction later became an anthropological and historical interest for those who would visit Edinburgh (Smith (b), n. d.). Smith was born in Scotland and got education in Glasgow. He also spent his academic life in Oxford and gained extensive knowledge on literature there. He became the tutor of the Duke of Buccleuc in 1752 and travelled with him a lot around France and Switzerland. This experience gave Smith an opportunity to get acquainted with Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau,  Francois Quesnay, and Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot--his contemporaries (Smith (a), n. d.).   He spent his earning paid by the Duke to write The Wealth of Nations, which was published in 1776, the year when the American Declaration of Independence was inked (Smith (a), n. d.).   In 1778, he was appointed as the Commissioner to the Custom and this experience sharpened his understanding on trading. He fought against smuggling with much enthusiasm, according to historical accounts. He had rema ined single during his entire life and died in Edinburgh on July 19, 1790 (Smith (a), n. d.). ... d.). He published the book on the Wealth of Nations to reveal the nature and cause of a nation’s prosperity from the increasing division of labour to systematize its production (Smith (a), n. d.). He professed that individual would invest resource e.g. land and labour, to earn the highest possible return of investment but such must yield to the equal rate of return (Smith (b), n. d.). For other economist, this was the core of Smith’s proposition of economic theory. Smith advocated equality of returns to explain the differences of salaries based on the knowledge, skills, expertise and skills of workers (Smith (a), n. d.). Those difficult jobs to do would be bit higher in compensation – and this explicated the notion of human capital. Hence, the differences of the nature of work are compensated differently (Smith (a), n. d.). The Wealth of Nations likewise discussed the high cost of British imperialism and substantially—about the relation of supply and deman d (Smith (a), n. d.). He observed that economic inequities are caused by monopoly that burdened consumers of the whole expense of maintaining and defending that empire (Smith (a), n. d.). Smith opposed  mercantilism because it artificially maintained a trade surplus on the erroneous belief that doing so increases wealth (Smith (a), n. d.). Although trade opened up new markets for surplus goods offer access to commodities from abroad at a lower cost but comparative advantage of the products from the outside will weaken the price of the goods from within ((Smith (a), n. d.). Akin to most modern believers in free markets, Smith believed that the government should enforce contracts, grant patents and copyrights to motivate